Parental anti-smoking socialization. associations between parental anti-smoking socialization practices and early adolescent smoking initiation.

This longitudinal study of 600 families concentrates on the influence of parental anti-smoking socialization by examining both (a) the effects of eight indicators of anti-smoking socialization on adolescent smoking and (b) the influence of parental smoking on the effectiveness of their anti-smoking socialization. Robust differences between smoking and non-smoking parents demonstrated that both kinds of families hold different norms and attitudes about adolescent smoking and how to deal with it. In terms of effective anti-smoking socialization, it appeared that parental involvement on a more abstract level, such as feeling confident one has influence on the smoking behaviour of one's child and having knowledge whether one's child and his or her friends smoke, seemed important in preventing early adolescent smoking, while concrete communication or house rules about smoking were not.